Indian monsoon

1. Impact of many global factors Monsoon is not only dependent on winds in India, but also on movements around the world: El Niño and La Niña: Changes in the temperature of the Pacific Ocean have a major impact on India's rainfall. Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD): The difference in temperature between the eastern and western parts of the Indian Ocean can also change the direction of the monsoon. The Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau: These geographical areas act as a source of heat and block winds, which are difficult to predict. 2. Inter-hemispheric Phenomenon Monsoon winds start from the Southern Hemisphere (from Australia) and cross the equator to India. During this long journey, any slight change in sea temperature, air pressure and wind speed affects India's rainfall. 3. Complex Topography The map of India and its geography are very diverse. The mountains of the Western Ghats, the deserts of Rajasthan and the Himalayas in the north—all these together influence the winds in different ways. It often happens that there is flood in one part of the same state and drought-like conditions in another. 4. Data and model limitations Lack of data: It is still challenging to obtain accurate data on deep sea temperatures and upper atmosphere. Model accuracy: Currently, the Meteorological Department (IMD) uses 'dynamic' and 'statistical' models, but it is difficult to get 100% accuracy due to the sudden changes in nature. 5. Climate change Rainfall patterns are now changing due to global warming. Instead of the regular rainfall that used to occur earlier, there has been an increase in the occurrence of 'cloud bursts' or extremely heavy rainfall in a short period of time, which are extremely difficult to predict. Interesting fact: The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has improved its forecasting capabilities a lot in the last few years, especially in the prediction of cyclones. India is now a world leader.